PHYS 3Pxx lab report
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Edward Sternin
Last Updated
för 7 år sedan
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Creative Commons CC BY 4.0
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A lab report template, suitable for any of the PHYS 2Pxx/3Pxx courses at Brock University.
A lab report template, suitable for any of the PHYS 2Pxx/3Pxx courses at Brock University.
\documentclass[12pt]{article}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\graphicspath{{Figures/}}
\addtolength{\textwidth}{1in}
\addtolength{\textheight}{1in}
\addtolength{\evensidemargin}{0.5in}
\addtolength{\oddsidemargin}{-0.5in}
\addtolength{\topmargin}{-0.5in}
\title{Testing The Law}
\author{Sir Isaac Newton\\Physics 3P92}
\date{\today}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\begin{abstract}
xxx xxxxx xxxxx xxx YYYYY $\alpha_x^2+\beta_y^2=r_z^2$ xxxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxxxxxx
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\end{abstract}
\tableofcontents
\clearpage
\section{Introduction}
The purpose of this experiment is to determine
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xxx xxxxx xxxxx xxx xxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxxxxxx
xxx xxxxx xxxxx xxx xxxx xxxx~\cite{AG:82} xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxxxxxx
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This is the way to insert a figure or simply
leave some white space for a figure that is to be
pasted in later, like a photo or a hand-drawn sketch. As seen in
Figure~\ref{fig:picture},
\begin{figure}
\centerline{\includegraphics{einstein.eps}}
\caption{This is the caption for the picture.}
\label{fig:picture}
\end{figure}
everything is clear.
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Text before the footnote.\footnote{Here's the text of the footnote.}
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\section{Experimental procedure}
The experimental procedure described in the lab manual~\cite[pp.~13--17]{manual}
was followed exactly. We found that the following changes were necessary to
make the circuit work:
\begin{itemize}
\item
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\item
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The modified circuit diagram is presented in Figure~\ref{fig:circuit}.
\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{circuit.eps}}
\caption{The modified circuit diagram was drawn with {\tt edgr} and
saved as a PostScript file.}
\label{fig:circuit}
\end{figure}
\item
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\end{itemize}
\section{Results}
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xxx xxxxx xxxxx xxx xxxx xxxx as shown in Equation~\ref{eq:power}
\begin{equation}
P = I V = I^2 R = { {V^2} \over R } \quad ,
\label{eq:power}
\end{equation}
where $V$ is voltage~(V), $I$ is current~(A), and
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Multi--line equations are also possible (see Equation~\ref{eq:multi})
\begin{eqnarray}
P & = & I V \nonumber \\
& = & I^2 R
\label{eq:multi}
\end{eqnarray}
where some lines may be left unnumbered.
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The summary of the experimental results is presented in Table~\ref{tab:summary}
\begin{table}[htp]
\caption{This is the caption for the summary table, usually placed at the top,
not at bottom as for figures.}
\label{tab:summary}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{ccc}
\hline
$P$, W & $V$, V & $I$, A \\
\hline
$0.0\pm0.01$ & $0.0\pm0.01$ & $0.0\pm0.01$ \\
0.1 & 0.2 & 0.3 \\
0.1 & 0.2 & 0.3 \\
0.1 & 0.2 & 0.3 \\
0.1 & 0.2 & 0.3 \\
0.1 & 0.2 & 0.3 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{table}
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xxx xxxxx xxxxx xxx xxxx data points with error bars, and the
curve fitted to the data using Equation~\ref{eq:power} are shown
in Figure~\ref{fig:plot}
\begin{figure}[htp]
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{plot.eps}}
\caption{This plot was drawn using {\tt physica} and saved as a PostScript file.}
\label{fig:plot}
\end{figure}
and the text after the figure. The raw data is presented in Appendix~\ref{app:data}.
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The graph of Figure~\ref{fig:plot} was generated using {\tt physica}
(see the macro file shown in
Appendix~\ref{app:macro}). The data points are shown as well
as the curve representing the least--squares fit to the data.
{\tt physica} reports the value of the slope of the graph to be
$-21452\pm801$, which is equal to $h\nu/k$. Thus from
the graph one can determine everything.
\subsection{Sample Calculation for Power}
The following calculation shows how the power was obtained. Note that this value is
proportional to power, but it not the value for power itself.
\begin{eqnarray*}
P & \propto & V^2 \\
& \propto & (0.0017V-0.0004V)^2 \\
& \propto & 1.69\times10^{-6} V^2
\end{eqnarray*}
\section{Discussion and Conclusions}
The results obtained in this experiment are quite accurate. The graph
presented in Figure~\ref{fig:plot}
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Possible sources of error
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In conclusion, this experiment
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\bibliographystyle{plain}
\begin{thebibliography}{9}
\bibitem{AG:82}
A.~Green.
\newblock {\it Reviews of Scientific Instruments}, {\bf 55}:123--134, 1982.
\bibitem{manual}
E.~Sternin.
\newblock {\it Experimental Physics II (Electronics)}, Laboratory Manual.
Brock University, 1994.
\end{thebibliography}
\appendix
\cleardoublepage
\section{Raw data}
\label{app:data}
\begin{table}[h]
\caption{Resistance and Temperature of the Filament}
\label{tab:data}
\vspace{0.15in}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
$R(T)$, $\Omega$ & $T$, K & $1/T$, K$^{-1}$ & $\ln P$ \\
\hline
151.00$\pm$3.92 & 828.35$\pm$23.46& $1.2072\times10^{-3}$& -13.29 \\
157.12$\pm$3.71 & 856.88$\pm$22.25& $1.1671\times10^{-3}$& -12.64 \\
162.53$\pm$3.49 & 881.99$\pm$21.02& $1.1338\times10^{-3}$& -12.33 \\
166.67$\pm$3.33 & 901.14$\pm$20.13& $1.1097\times10^{-3}$& -11.90 \\
171.84$\pm$3.17 & 924.98$\pm$19.25& $1.0811\times10^{-3}$& -11.25 \\
176.84$\pm$3.04 & 947.96$\pm$18.53& $1.0549\times10^{-3}$& -10.77 \\
181.46$\pm$2.90 & 969.13$\pm$15.49& $1.0319\times10^{-3}$& -10.20 \\
186.49$\pm$2.79 & 992.09$\pm$17.18& $1.0080\times10^{-3}$& -9.66 \\
190.91$\pm$2.69 & 1012.21$\pm$16.65& $9.8794\times10^{-4}$& -9.13 \\
195.48$\pm$2.59 & 1032.95$\pm$16.45& $9.6811\times10^{-4}$& -8.60 \\
199.93$\pm$2.50 & 1053.08$\pm$15.65& $9.4960\times10^{-4}$& -8.10 \\
204.47$\pm$2.41 & 1073.56$\pm$15.19& $9.3148\times10^{-4}$& -7.63 \\
208.62$\pm$2.34 & 1092.22$\pm$14.83& $9.1556\times10^{-4}$& -7.16 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{table}
\newpage
\section{A {\tt physica} macro}
\label{app:macro}
This {\tt physica} macro was used to generate the plot of Figure~\ref{fig:plot}
as well as to fit xxx xxxxx xxxxx xxx xxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxxxxxx
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{\tt
\begin{verbatim}
! exp_3.pcm
clear
! read in the data
read\format\noerror exp_3.dat (*) x,y,dy
! plot the data
label\x `Voltage, V'
label\y `Power, W'
set colour 1 1
set pchar -4
graph x,y,dy
! fit and plot the curve
scalar\vary A,T,w,phi
! initial values for parameters
A=2.3
w=6.5
phi=0
T=10.
fit y=A*cos(w*x+phi)*exp(-x**2/T)
fit\update f
set colour 2 2
set pchar 0
graph\noaxes x,f
\end{verbatim}
}
\end{document}